Effects of Training Regimens and Differences Between Sexes on Forehand Drives Accuracy in Table Tennis

Page 1 of 5

Effects of Training Regimens and Differences Between

Sexes on Forehand Drives Accuracy in Table Tennis

ISSN: 2644-2981 DOI: 10.33552/GJNFS.2024.04.000600

Global Journal of

Nutrition & Food Science

Research Article

Received Date: May 06, 2024

Published Date: May 14, 2024

This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License

GJNFS.MS.ID.000600.

*Corresponding author: Tomoliyus, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Yogyakarta

State University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Introduction

Table tennis is a sport that requires fundamental techniques

to be learned and mastered. Each technique has a very important

role in this game. Players who have good hitting skills, but are not

supported by other techniques or abilities, such as forehand drive

and footwork, are still considered as imperfect players [1]. Based

on the observations in 5 table tennis training stations in Yogyakarta,

Indonesia, beginner athletes who undertake table tennis training

generally do not have good target accuracy, especially for new

athletes. This can be observed from the movement of athletes

in ball striking during practice. In the game of table tennis, it is

necessary to hit the target precisely to win the game. Thus, the

factor of accuracy in table tennis is exclusively important in order



return the stroke during the match (Wong, 2020). Even more, this

is one of the factors that fails novice athletes to improve their skills

in table tennis [2]. The training using the appropriate set and stroke

repetitions by multi-ball method is indispensable because this

might be conceivable to improve the performance of athletes to have

Abstract

Background: Accuracy has become one of the prominent factors to improve the skills to counterattack the opponent in table tennis. An accurate



Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effects of training regimens and differences between sexes on forehand drive accuracy of table tennis

athletes at STMY club, Yogyakarta.

Methods:

drive accuracy using multi-ball training practice. The population in this study were 30 STMY table tennis athletes who were still actively practicing

table tennis. The athletes were further grouped into 6 sub-groups as assigned by the design based on the gender (male and female) and training

regimens; 2-set, 3-set, and 4-set for 300, 200, and 150 strokes, respectively. Then, the forehand drive accuracy was performed.

Results: 

athletes at approximately 88.70 ± 5.83 as compared to 3 and 4-set training regimens (p < 0.05). Separately, male athletes have the tendency to

possess the better accuracy than that in female athletes.

Conclusion: The training regimen of 2-set with 300 strokes was the recommended training program to improve the accuracy of forehand drive

of the table tennis athletes at STMY club.

Keywords: Training regimen; Gender; Accuracy; Forehand drive

Ardiansyah Rica Samsu Goli

, Tomoliyus

*, Sumarjo

, Arman Syah Goli

Faculty of Sport Sciences, Yogyakarta State University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Global Journal of Nutrition & Food Science Volume 4-Issue 5

Citation: Ardiansyah Rica Samsu Goli, Tomoliyus*, Sumarjo, Arman Syah Goli. Effects of Training Regimens and Differences Between Sexes on

Forehand Drives Accuracy in Table Tennis. 4(5): 2024. GJNFS.MS.ID.000600. DOI: 10.33552/GJNFS.2024.04.000600.

Page 2 of 5

substantially better accuracy abilities. This is in accordance with

     

improvements on visual abilities and counter-attack skills of

junior table tennis players through the multi-ball training model

[3]. Successfulness to perform the good accuracy is unavoidably

affected by training and skill factors. Therefore, this training process

will support the novice athletes to become outstanding athletes. As

far as the present authors are concerned, there are no published

works reporting the effects of training regimens and differences

between sexes on the accuracy of forehand drives strokes at table

tennis clubs in Yogyakarta. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate

the effects of training regimens and differences between sexes on

the accuracy of forehand drive of male and female athletes at STMY

Yogyakarta club.

Participants And Methods

Participants and study allocation

In this study, a total of 30 beginner athletes aged 18-25 years

old was recruited from the STMY Yogyakarta club, Indonesia. The

participants were 15 male and 15 female athletes that equally

randomized into 6 groups based on gender and training regimen.

This study was conducted from January to July 2023.

Study procedures

A factorial design (2 x 3) was used to select the best performance.

The independent factors consisting of male (B1) and female (B2)

were applied and training regimens which was divided into 3 sets,

such as 2-set (A1), 3-set (A2), and 4-set (A3) were used to observe

the effect of various factors towards the critical parameters during

the training. A total of 6 sub-groups generated are presented in

(Table 1). This study was conducted for 18 weeks with the training

frequency of 3 times per week. The athletes were assigned to

perform the multiball-training treatment at 300, 200, and 150

stroke repetitions for 2-set, 3-set and 4-set, respectively, with 1

minute break. The accuracy was measured using accuracy test by

employing a table tennis forehand drive accuracy instrument, as

displayed in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Image of Forehand Drive Precision Capability Instrument. X: Testimonials and Y: Feeder

Table 1: Experimental design using factorial design (2 x 3).

Gender

Training regimens

2-set (A1) 3-set (A2) 4-set (A3)

Male (B1) A1B1 A2B1 A3B1

Female (B2) A1B2 A2B2 A3B2

Statistical analysis

Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Data

with more than two groups were statistically analysed using one-

way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Data with only two groups were

        

was taken at p < 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using

SPSS Statistics 26 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).

Citation: Ardiansyah Rica Samsu Goli, Tomoliyus*, Sumarjo, Arman Syah Goli. Effects of Training Regimens and Differences Between Sexes on

Forehand Drives Accuracy in Table Tennis. 4(5): 2024. GJNFS.MS.ID.000600. DOI: 10.33552/GJNFS.2024.04.000600.

Global Journal of Nutrition & Food Science Volume 4-Issue 5

Page 3 of 5

Results

Effects of training regimens on forehand drive accuracy

As presented in Figure 2 the forehand drive accuracy of

combined male and female athletes ranged from 55.08 to 96.02.

         

strokes) training regimen than that of 3-set (200 strokes) and

4-set (150 strokes) of training regimens (p < 0.05). However, there



training regimens.

Figure 2: Eect of training regimens on forehand drive accuracy. *: p < 0.05 as compared to 2-set (300 strokes)

Effects of gender on forehand drive accuracy

Figure 3: Eect of gender on forehand drive accuracy

Global Journal of Nutrition & Food Science Volume 4-Issue 5

Citation: Ardiansyah Rica Samsu Goli, Tomoliyus*, Sumarjo, Arman Syah Goli. Effects of Training Regimens and Differences Between Sexes on

Forehand Drives Accuracy in Table Tennis. 4(5): 2024. GJNFS.MS.ID.000600. DOI: 10.33552/GJNFS.2024.04.000600.

Page 4 of 5

Figure 3 represents the results of forehand drive accuracy

between male and female athletes. The result exhibited that the

forehand drive accuracy of the combined training regimens was

not statistically difference between male and female after 18 weeks

training. However, there was a clear tendency showing that the

forehand drive accuracy of male athletes was higher than that of

woman athletes.

Discussion

The table tennis athletes at STMY Yogyakarta club require a

variety of types of training to improve the strokes accuracy. One

of the goals of performing a variety of exercises is to improve the

muscular and stamina endurance of athletes during the match

[4,5]. There are several training methods in table tennis, according

to [6] training methods in table tennis include practicing with

other players, practicing with a coach, individual practice, using

machines as well as multi-ball. From the various methods in table

tennis, one of the training methods used to improve the accuracy

of the forehand drive strokes is the multiball training method

[7-9]. This training method emphasizes the number of sets and

strokes, thus enabling athletes to familiarize hitting the ball at the

expected target precisely. The multiball method can be executed

using machines or manuals provided by trainers [10]. However,

STMY table tennis in Yogyakarta does not have an automatic

machine, so, the manual multiball method is more convenient and

accessible to improve the accuracy of athletes’ forehand drives. The

high frequency of practicing the forehand drive accuracy by hitting

the ball as much as possible is expected to create the accustomed

athletes on perfectly generating the precise strokes on target [11-

13]. Accordingly, exercise using multiball is selected by the coach

in this study. One of the goals of multi-ball training is to improve

the athlete’s forehand drive accuracy. As shown in the results, there



accuracy of athletes at the STMY table tennis club. Interestingly,

the group with 2-set (300 strokes) training regimen obtained

the highest accuracy with an average of 88.70 ± 5.83 among all



in particular, there was an increase in forehand drive accuracy

of 9.80, with a percentage increase of 21.30% in 2-set frequency



players to direct a stroke to the interested target. Accuracy is an

indispensable factor for table tennis player to achieve the precise

target [15,16] Several studies have proven that there was a positive

correlation between frequency of stroke repetitions and accuracy

in sports which means that the higher the frequency of training,

the higher the accuracy will be obtained by the players [17,18] In



training that consist of 300 strokes repetition and categorized as

the highest repetition than other set of training regimens. Thus, this

might be the potential reason explaining that the training regimen



drive accuracy among the table tennis athletes in this study.

Furthermore, the tendency of higher accuracy was obtained by

male athletes at the STMY table tennis club. Based on the results

of the analysis, the forehand drive strokes accuracy of male group

with an average of 72.00 ± 12.78 was better than that of female

group with an average of 68.00 ± 12.61. Physiologically, table

tennis is facilitated by sexual dimorphism. According to some

studies, male athletes are prone to faster in lateral displacement,

with considerably lower body strength in its impulsive and elastic–

impulsive manifestations, and higher values of isometric strength

in the upper limbs. Furthermore, male table tennis players have

a better dynamic posture control, greater height, and wingspan

compared to female table tennis players. Therefore, all these

factors might be associated with our results exhibiting the parallel

relationship of more powerful strokes as the result of higher speed

and accuracy of male than female athletes.

Nowadays, table tennis is a sport in which control and mastery

of technique are crucial. The need for precise and accurate hits has

become the imperative effort to defeat the opponent in this game.

Based on the results of this study, we passionately expanded the

evaluation on improving the forehand drive accuracy of table tennis

players by selecting the training regimen of 2-set with 300 stroke

repetitions as the optimal multiball training regimen in order to



the differences between sexes showing that, under this selected

circumstance, male athletes were prone to obtain more accuracy

than female athletes. Thus, these results can be used as a reference

and consideration for trainers, players, or coaches of the current

table tennis sport to design or create an exercise program that aims

to train and improve table tennis forehand drive accuracy of novice

  

regimen and gender on accuracy to improve the ability and skills of

athletes in STMY table tennis club. However, our study has several

limitations such as sample size and the stress generated during the

training that may affect the results. Future research are suggested

to perform more profound evaluations and parameters to improve

the stamina, skills, and tactics of table tennis players.

Conclusion

Our study thereby deduced that the training regimen and

        

of athletes in the STMY club. The regimen of 2 sets was chosen

as the best training frequency on both male and female athletes

to improve the forehand drive accuracy in table tennis sport.

Furthermore, male athletes could gain the maximal accuracy with 2

sets of training regimen.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing

       



Human ethics

The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Faculty

of Sport Sciences, Yogyakarta State University (permission number:

461/UN34.16/PT.01.04/2023).

Data availability

Data will be made available on request.

Citation: Ardiansyah Rica Samsu Goli, Tomoliyus*, Sumarjo, Arman Syah Goli. Effects of Training Regimens and Differences Between Sexes on

Forehand Drives Accuracy in Table Tennis. 4(5): 2024. GJNFS.MS.ID.000600. DOI: 10.33552/GJNFS.2024.04.000600.

Global Journal of Nutrition & Food Science Volume 4-Issue 5

Page 5 of 5

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the head of STMY table tennis club,

Yogyakarta, and all the athletes who supported as well as

participated in this study.





References

1. Belli T, Misuta MS, de Moura PPR, Tavares TS, Ribeiro RA (2019)

Reproducibility and validity of a stroke effectiveness test in table tennis

based on the temporal game structure. Front Psychol 10(427): 1-9.

2. Castellar C, Pradas F, Carrasco L, De La Torre A, González-Jurado JA

(2019) Analysis of reaction time and lateral displacements in national

level table tennis players: Are they predictive of sport performance? Int

J Perform Anal Sport 19: 467-477.

3. Gu Y, Yu C, Shao S, Baker JS (2019) Effects of table tennis multi-ball

training on dynamic posture control. PeerJ 6: 1-19.

4. Ivanovic J, Dopsaj M (2012) Functional dimorphism and characteristics

of maximal hand grip force in top level female athletes. Coll Antropo, 36:

1231-1240.

5. 

table tennis: a review. J Sports Sci Med 12: 362-370.

             

tennis players. Rev Bras Med Esporte 29 1-4.

7. Marchese F, Lanzoni IM, Steca P (2022) Personality traits and motives in

table tennis players. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19(17): 1-10.

 

task criterion to determine successful and unsuccessful table tennis

players. Int J Sports Sci Coach 11(4): 523-531.

9. 

(2023) Analysis of technical–tactical actionsin high-level table tennis

players: differences between sexes. Sports 11: (225).

10. Pradas F, Toro-Román V, de la Torre A, Moreno-Azze A, Gutiérrez-



table tennis players-sex differences. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19:

5119.

11. Ralston GW, Kilgore L, Wyatt FB, Buchan D, Baker JS (2018) Weekly

training frequency effects on strength gain: A meta-analysis. Sports Med

Open 4(36): 1-24.

12. 

guided by multi-scale feature fusion of deep learning. Sci Rep 14(1401):

1-16.

13. Saleh SF (2015) Effects of training with multi- balls on some visual

abilities and counter-attack skills for junior table tennis players. JASS

5(2): 170-180.

14. Suisdareni, Tomoliyus (2021) The effect of drill exercise and reaction

speed on the drive accuracy of beginner table tennis athletes. Jurnal

Keolahragaan 9(2): 231-237.

15. Syaeful (2014) Pengaruh latihan multiball terhadap kemampuan

ketepatan forehand drive tenis meja pada mahasiswa UKM tenis

meja universitas negeri yogyakarta. Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta,

Yogyakarta.

16. Syamsulrizal, Iqbal M (2022) The relationship between training

concentration with the accuracy of passing futsal club bomber (FA)

Jakarta. INSPIREE 3(3): 207-221.

17. Wong D, Lam WK, (2020) Biomechanics of table tennis: a systematic

scoping review of playing levels and maneuvers. Appl Sci 10(5203):

1-21.



        

protocol. J Sports Sci Med 7: 461-466.